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Mi'kmaq Orthographies

Orthography literally means 'correct writing'. An orthography is the representation of the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols, according to a standard usage. The Mi'kmaq language has several different orthographies, which begs the question: is there only one way (or indeed any way?) to 'correctly write' a language that was almost exclusively oral?

Rand Orthography

The Rand Orthography was developed by the Reverend Silas Tertius Rand in 1875. Rand was an exceptional linguist, and published the first dictionaries of the Mi'kmaw language. His orthography appears in several 19th century publications, but it is no longer used.

A	a	Sounds like A in Father	H	h	Sounds like H in Hat	Ŏ	ŏ	Sounds like O in Not
Ā	ā	Sounds like A in Abaft	I	i	Sounds like I in Bit	P	p	Sounds like P in Peter
Ā	ā	Sounds like A in Fate	Ĭ	ĭ	Sounds like I in Bit	S	s	Sounds like S in Snake
Ă	ă	Sounds like A in Fat	J	j	Sounds like J in Job	T	t	Sounds like T in Toy
B	b	Sounds like B in Boat	K	k	Sounds like K in Kilo	U	u	Sounds like U in Bugle
C	c	Sounds like C in Cat	L	l	Sounds like L in Lemon	Ŭ	ŭ	Sounds like U in Tub
D	d	Sounds like D in Dog	M	m	Sounds like M in Mom	W	w	Sounds like W in Water
E	e	Sounds like E in Me	N	n	Sounds like N in Night	Y	y	Sounds like Y in Yes
Ĕ	ĕ	Sounds like E in Met	O	o	Sounds like O in Note
G	g	Sounds like G in Goat	Ō	ō	Sounds like O in Also

Pacifique Orthography

The Pacifique Orthography was developed by Father Pacifique (Henri Buisson d'Valigny) in 1894, and appears in his books. It is used by people in New Brunswick.

A	a	Sounds like AW in Saw	G	g	Sounds like G in Big	S	s	Sounds like S in Was
E	e	Sounds like E in Beth	L	l	Sounds like L in Bell	T	t	Sounds like D in Loud
I	i	Sounds like E in Seen	M	m	Sounds like M in Sam	TJ	tj	Sounds like CH in Chow
Ō	ō	Sounds like O in Stove	N	n	Sounds like N in Man
O	o	Sounds like OO in Loon	P	p	Sounds like P in Skip

CONTEMPORARY ORTHOGRAPHIES

The following are more contemporary orthographies, and differ mainly in how they represent different pronunciation marks. For example, A' (Listuguj), A: (Lexicon) and Į (Francis-Smith) all represent the same sound, the A as in Palm. In addition, the pronunciations of certain characters are in some cases positional, depending on the adjacent characters. We also see the introduction of the schwa ( I ), which is a character representing an indistinct, almost unvocalized sound, as in the second syllable of the word "common".

Listuguj Orthography

The Listuguj Orthography is used by people in Quebec. Listuguj is located on the southwestern shore of the Gaspé peninsula.

A	a	Sounds like A in Amen	O'	o'	Sounds like O in Go	S	s	Sounds like S in Sit, Was
E	e	Sounds like E in Met	u'	u'	Sounds like U in Sue	L	l	Sounds like L in Like, Feel
I	i	Sounds like I in Bit	I	i	(schwa) Indistinct, like second O in Common	M	m	Sounds like M in Me, Him
O	o	Sounds like O in Also	P	p	B as in Ball, P as in Put*	N	n	Sounds like N in New, Can
U	u	Sounds like U in Put	T	t	D as in Dog, T as in Toy*	W	w	Sounds like W in Will, How
A'	a'	Sounds like A in Palm	G	g	G as in Go, K as in Cake*	Y	y	Sounds like Y in Yes, Grey
E'	e'	Sounds like E in Where	Q	q	A guttural sound as in the German word Bach
I'	i'	Sounds like I in Ski	J	j	J as in Jim, Ch as in Church

* where more than one pronunciation is given, the pronunciation depends on the character's position:
the first pronunciation applies when the character is between vowels or follows l, m or n;
the second pronunciation applies when the character is next to a consonant, except for l, m or n.

Francis-Smith Orthography

The Francis-Smith Orthography was developed by Bernard Francis and Douglas Smith in 1974. In 1980 it became the official orthography of the Mķkmaq Nation as declared by the Grand Council.

A	a	Sounds like A in Amen	Ó	ó	Sounds like O in Go	S	s	Sounds like S in Sit, Was
E	e	Sounds like E in Met	Ś	ś	Sounds like U in Sue	L	l	Sounds like L in Like, Feel
I	i	Sounds like I in Bit	I	i	(schwa) Indistinct, like second O in Common	M	m	Sounds like M in Me, Him
O	o	Sounds like O in Also	P	p	B as in Ball, P as in Put*	N	n	Sounds like N in New, Can
U	u	Sounds like U in Put	T	t	D as in Dog, T as in Toy*	W	w	Sounds like W in Will, How
Į	į	Sounds like A in Palm	K	k	G as in Go, K as in Cake*	Y	y	Sounds like Y in Yes, Grey
É	é	Sounds like E in Where	Q	q	A guttural sound as in the German word Bach
Ķ	ķ	Sounds like I in Ski	J	j	J as in Jim, Ch as in Church*

*where more than one pronunciation is given, the pronunciation depends on the character's position:
the first pronunciation applies when the character is between vowels or follows l, m or n;
the second pronunciation applies when the character is next to a consonant, except for l, m or n.

Lexicon Orthography

The Lexicon Orthography was developed by Albert D. DeBlois and Alphonse Metallic in 1984.

A	a	Sounds like A in Amen	O:	o:	Sounds like O in Go	S	s	Sounds like S in Sit, Was
E	e	Sounds like E in Met	U:	u:	Sounds like U in Sue	L	l	Sounds like L in Like, Feel
I	i	Sounds like I in Bit	I	i	(schwa) Indistinct, like second O in Common	M	m	Sounds like M in Me, Him
O	o	Sounds like O in Also	P	p	B as in Ball, P as in Put*	N	n	Sounds like N in New, Can
U	u	Sounds like U in Put	T	t	D as in Dog, T as in Toy*	W	w	Sounds like W in Will, How
A:	a:	Sounds like A in Palm	K	k	G as in Go, K as in Cake*	Y	y	Sounds like Y in Yes, Grey
E:	e:	Sounds like E in Where	Q	q	A guttural sound as in the German word Bach
I:	i:	Sounds like I in Ski	J	j	J as in Jim, Ch as in Church

* where more than one pronunciation is given, the pronunciation depends on the character's position:
the first pronunciation applies when the character is between vowels or follows l, m or n;
the second pronunciation applies when the character is next to a consonant, except for l, m or n.

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Updated: 11 Jul 2007

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